Persuasive Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana - 1096 Words

The legalization of marijuana has been debated to be a harmful substance for so long. Marijuana is a drug that is always being talked about all over the media. There is constant debate on whether it should be legalized or not. Its also, debated on if it were to be legalized, how would it would affect society. All these questions are things the government takes into account every day. There is a big divide between people’s beliefs on this matter. Some people think it should be, others think it shouldn’t, and some think it should be with some modifications on the usage. When you look at the benefits, there is no question that marijuana should be legal throughout the entire country. There are way more positive things that could come out of†¦show more content†¦Marijuana in many cases could be sold from dealers who also sell hard drugs. Therefore, if marijuana was legal and sold in a store in the correct way, it would help kids stay away from other drugs that deale rs have to offer. Also, it would stop kids from getting into the drug dealing business. They would have fewer motives to sell to their friends and other people. If the policy was changed and it could be sold in stores it would stop kids from selling all together. Being a dealer would be way less effective and it could stop many drug dealers and clean up the streets. Marijuana is going to be sold either way, so it might as well be sold legally. If the policy was changed and it was sold legally it would keep kids out of danger and make it harder to be a drug dealer. Another very good reason to legalize marijuana is how much it could save our government money, and maybe even make money out of it. Marijuana is very hard on our justice system financially. If the policy was changed and it was legalized it could be taxed and used for government funding. It has been studied and many studies show that weed could create very good revenue . Not only can legal marijuana help make money but it can also help out the justice system a lot. Over 750,000 people are arrested for marijuana a year. This number is crazy if you think about the danger level of marijuana.Show MoreRelatedLegalizing Marijuana1592 Words   |  7 Pagesdisobey unjust laws. Martin Luther King Jr. Many people ask â€Å"why should marijuana be legalized†? when the real question that we should be asking is â€Å"why shouldn’t marijuana be legalized†?. Marijuana also known as hemp is a naturally grown plant that has been around for decades dating back to around 2697 B.C., when the Egyptians would use it to cure many common ailments, and the Chinese would use it for therapeutics. Using marijuana not only to cure common illnesses but for your pleasure as well shouldRead MoreEnglish 1A Essay 3 1 3 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesapproved by me, and any papers with topics not approved by me will receive an â€Å"F†; (2) No one may write about abortion  or  the legalization of marijuana; and (3) Your essay must be persuasive. Also, for this essay, you will need to find and use  four (4) outside sources, at least two of which must be from the databases. These must all be academically serious sources and used in your essay so that they must be cited according to MLA guidelines. You can use quotes, statistics, and summaries or paraphrases ofRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesprior to his passing in 1975 and after. Many believe that Selassie was a dictator and a cruel leader. That he is regarded as God incarnate seems patently absurd. 4. It is not clear whether Selassie believed himself to be a God. 5. For Rastas, marijuana, which is illegal in Jamaica, is a sacrament for worship. 6. Rastas regard western society as part of Babylon—a system and a place that is the enemy of the blacks of the world. FOREWORD ix 7. There is still no organized set of doctrines

PIP Assessment for Ben Hall - 712 Words

PIP Assessment-Ben Hall Ben Hall is believed be been born in Maitland, New South Wales on the 9th of May 1837. His parents were both ex-convicts, Eliza Somers and Benjamin Hall, who sadly passed away in 1951 which explains why he robbed many different people in New South Wales, and became one of Australia’s most wanted bushrangers that Australia has ever had, to date. Ben then became a stockman and sold cattle to all of the miners on the diggings at Lambing Flat. Be was known as a hard working and honest man who never gave up if e was given a task. Ben caught wild cows and wild horses that were located in nearby hills. Ben Hall began running his own butcher shop in 1852 in a small town near Murrurundi, but he started getting into trouble with the local police for stealing horses and cattle. Later on in life, he got married to a lady named Bridget Walsh in Bathurst. In 1862, his life was then changed forever as his wife left him for another man and took their son, Henry with her. He went back to his home to find that his farm had been burnt down along with a large sum of his farm. He also came back to find all of his cattle and livestock dead of starvation as they had cruelly been left in the stockyards. Hall then lost interest in cattle and saw no need to live as he became closer to Frank Gardiner, a commonly known bushranger in the area. He then started to get himself in to trouble with the police when he was arrested for highway robbery, but was released whenShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 PagesHealthy Futures, and the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers. It is imperative that industry and government alike continue to fund real-world practical research and continue to develop the food safety professionals of tomorrow. February 6, 2005 Ben TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. A Review Of Current And Relevant Publications Relating To The Development Of Risk-Based On-Farm Food Safety Practices For Produce In Canada. 1 Introduction 1 Microbial food safety 2 Risk analysis 5 Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPlanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Environmental Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Developing Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Theory Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hybrid Assistive Limb Free Essays

Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5) 1. Introduction. People often suffer from various disorders related to their physical health, which also include disorders of the nervous, vascular and integumentary systems, muscular and neurologic diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid Assistive Limb or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, these violations probably affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the daily lives of these people. However, with the daily development of science and technology, doctors and inventors are trying to create some kind of device that can make life easier for people with such disabilities. To date, some examples of these developments are already invented. One of these developments is a powered exoskeleton Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5). Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) is a full-body suit, which was designed to help people with degenerated muscles or spinal injuries or brain disorders. Now we are going to describe appearance, functions and main characteristics of this robotic device. 2. Data and producers. The wearable-type robot â€Å"Robot Suit HAL† was created in Japan, notably by Cyberdyne, Inc. This company was founded in 2004 to exploit the work of a group of cybernetics researchers headed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a Professor of System and Information Engineering at Tsukuba University. 4] The study about Hybrid Assistive Limb was started by professor Sankai in 1992 and lasted until 1996. The result of this hard work was HAL-1 (fig. 1), first prototype of HAL series robots. The next robot which was built with cardinally other design is HAL-3 (fig. 2). It was invented in 1999 and had been used for 6 years. Final version of HAL robot, HAL-5 (fig. 3), was discovered in 2005 and still is being developed by professor Yoshiyuki Sankai in his laboratory at University of Tsukuba. Cyberdyne Inc. has been manufacturing and is currently distributing of the HAL-5 to the residences of Japan and Europe. Figure 1. HAL-1 robot, 1996 Figure 2. HAL-3 robot, 1999 3. Functions and applications of the system HAL-5 is expected to be applied in various fields such as rehabilitation support and physical training support in medical field. Also, it can be used in a range of another non-military uses, for example, in including allowing workers to carry heavier. [4] HAL-5 helps users lift up to about 40 kg more than they normally could. To be exact, a healthy adult male, wearing this suit, can lift approximately 80 kg, roughly double what he can without it. Hybrid Assistive Limb can multiply the overall original strength of the wearer by a factor of 2 to 10. The general concept of a HAL-5 robot is simple in general. The components HAL are very easy to construct, however, the complexity of the HAL occurs primarily in its programming and way of working. Professor Sankai says that â€Å"the suit detects faint biosignals on the surface of the skin when the human brain tries to move the exoskeleton†. When the Robot Suit detects these signals, it helps the user to move. HAL-5 can operate indoors and outdoors; although, it is strongly recommended to use this suit indoors until better batteries allow more prolonged use. One of the main advantages of this robot is the ability to change between two types of control: Cybernic Voluntary Control and Cybernic Autonomous Control. By using phase switching with the autonomous control function, the healthy function of a limb could be reproduced by the HAL. Based on this capability, it appears that the HAL would be effective for use in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from loss of nervous function in a limb. 4. System design The most visible part of the HAL-5 is the exoskeletal frame, which consists of a frame made of nickel molybdenum and an aluminum alloy. Moreover, it was strengthened by a plastic casing and the metal bars, which is strapped to the body and helps the user externally. The bars run along the lateral sides of the legs and arms. Additionally, there are several electric motors act as the HAL-5’s muscles, which have to provide powered assistance to the wearer’s limbs. Currently, the total weight of the Hybrid Assistive Limb suit is 23kg, but man, wearing this device, does not feel any weight. It happens because the suit can support its own weight. Also, HAL-5 has a small pouch attached to a belt on the suit that contains a computer, Controller Unit, which controls the suit and a Wi-Fi communications system. The bindings at the shoulders take the form of backpack-like straps to attach the battery and Controller Unit. The frame also has soles, which are used to help stabilize balance, at the ends of the leg bars to eliminate the need for the user to support the weight of the suit. All of these details you can see from fig. 3, and fig. 4. Fig. 3. and Fig. 4. System architecture with sensors, battery and Controller Unit 5. Sensors and actuation mechanisms On the side of the joint nearest the corpus, two sensors are placed upon the skin. One sensor is placed over the muscle group, which causes the limb to extend, and one on the surface of muscle group, which causes the limb to flex. Each sensor consists of two electrodes which measure potential difference between them as a function of the nerve impulses, which cause the contraction of muscle fibers. These sensors first filter and then amplify the signals of passing such kind of nerve impulses. Also, the suit is powered by both nickel-metal hydride and lithium battery packs. Full charge of this battery lasts approximately for 2 hours and 40 minutes, with both the upper and lower body parts in action. Cyberdyne Inc. has announced that one part of its research is focused on increasing this time to about 5 hours. HAL-5 Speficications: | Height | 1600mm| Weight | Full Body Type: 23kg | | Lower body: 15kg| Battery | Drive Charged battery ( AC100V)| Continuous operating time | Approximately 2 hours 40 minutes| Motions Daily Activities | Standing up from a chair| Walking| | Climbing up and down stairs| | Hold and lift heavy objects up to 80kg| Cybernic Control:| Cybernic Voluntary Control| | Cybernic Autonomous Control| Indoor and outdoor| ? | 6. Conclusion In conclusion we can consider that the wearable-type robot HAL-5 is a tool with enormous potential for improving quality of life. In addition, the HAL-5’s frame can incorporate recycled materials, which can include fiber glass, certain plastics, silicon, aluminum, and steel. Such materials can also be recoverable for recycling into other products. Improvements in battery efficiency and frame weight would reduce energy requirements, and in the case of outdoor use, energy requirements could be offset by solar cells on the frame. So, the program is currently being continuing and developing. Sankai says that one of his main aims is â€Å"to create technologies that are designed for the benefit of humankind rather than for destructive purposes. † For example, he refused offers from the U. S. Department of Defense in Washington DC and the government of South Korea to work on a robot for military use. This adds more confidence in the good intentions of professor Sankai. How to cite Hybrid Assistive Limb, Essay examples

Asthma and Inflammatory Disease Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Asthma Disease. Answer: Introduction: Asthma and inflammatory disease are chronic disease of respiratory system and gastrointestinal system respectively. There are different problems associate with these diseases. In this essay, specific interventions for each disease are discussed. Also, medications useful for treatment of these diseases are discussed. Asthma: Asthma is a chronic allergic, inflammatory and immunological disease. Asthma is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Asthma is mainly associated with symptoms like insufficient breathing, wheezing and coughing (Mims, 2015). Problems: Problems associated with asthma are insufficient breathing, coughing, insufficient airway clearance fatigue, depression and Imbalanced nutrition. Nursing care asthma: Problem Intervention Rationale Insufficient breathing Person should be placed in upright sitting posture and proper body alignment. Patients should be encouraged to take deep breathing Slow inhalation, holding end inspiration for some time and prolonged exhalation. Encourage patient for diaphragmatic breathing. Upon consultation with doctor, respiratory medications and supplemental oxygen should be provided. Evaluate potential exercise programme in patient and encourage patient to perform exercise according to patients requirements. Education Patient should be educated for pursed-lip breathing, abdominal breathing, relaxation techniques, use of inhaler, scheduling daily activities by considering fatigue and rest period. Encourage patient to take small quantity meals with frequent intervals. Nurse should stay with patient during acute exacerbations of asthma. Proper sitting position allows maximum lung excursion and chest expansion. Deep breathing facilitates slow respiration, aids augmented oxygenation, and prevents air trapping. Useful in the relaxation of muscle and augmentation of oxygen saturation level. 2 adrenergic agonists medications relax airway smooth muscle and produces bronchodilation, which facilitate passage of air through airways. Supplemental oxygen would compensate for low oxygen saturation. Exercise improves patients working ability of respiratory muscle and give patient sense of well-being. All these activities would be helpful in maintaining proper health and improving ventilation. Avoid full stomach and facilitate proper ventilation. It can reduce anxiety in the patient which would be helpful in reducing anxiety (Chow et al., 2015; Janssen et al., 2012). Imbalanced nutrition Recording of body weight on regular basis. Collection of nutritional history of patient. Physical and vital signs of patient should be checked on regular basis. Provision of good environment and proper position for meals to the patient. Provide company while taking meals. Provision of high energy protein and liquid supplements. Caffeinated and carbonated beverages should be avoided. Useful in assessment of food consumption. Diet plan for patient can me made accordingly. Patients with less nutritional intake are fatigued and demonstrate sluggishness. There is also possibility of tachycardia and raised blood pressure. It affords comfort and reduces stress for consumption of meals. Socializing the patient can improve food consumption in the patient. Protein supplements provide high calorie and liquid supplements are easy to consume. Caffeinated and carbonated beverages reduce hunger and give false sense of satiety (Chow et al., 2015; Janssen et al., 2012). Medications for Asthma: Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator medicines should be administered in the patients with asthma. Prednisolone acts as both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drug. It exhibits it action by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (Olin Wechsler, 2014). Salbutamol can be used as bronchodilator in patients with asthma. Salbutamol is as short acting 2 adrenergic receptor agonist (van Buul, 2015). Literature: External agents like cold air, exercise, pollen and viruses are responsible for the occurrence of asthma. Genetic factors and drugs such as aspirin and blockers are also responsible for the occurrence of asthma (Mims, 2015). Imbalanced nutrition and ineffective breathing are important problems associated with asthma. Glucocorticoid receptors gets activated and produces transactivation and transrepression. Transactivation comprises of upregulation of the anti-inflammatory genes like lipocortin I, p11/calpactin binding protein, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor 1 (SLPI), and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MAPK phosphatase). Transrepression comprises of suppression of the expression of proinflammatory proteins in cytosol. It prevents translocation of transcription factors like NF-B in the nucleus from cytosol (Olin Wechsler, 2014). 2 adrenergic receptors, upon activation releases adenyl cyclase enzyme in the bronchial smooth muscle of the lung. Adenyl cyclase acts as ca talyst for the formation of adenosine-mono-phosphate (cyclic AMP) from adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP). This increase in the cyclic AMP level produces relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle. Increase in the cyclic AMP level inhibits release of histamine and leukotreine, which are necessary for bronchoconstriction (van Buul, 2015). Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are group inflammatory diseases comprise of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD affects small intestine, large intestine, mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus. IBD is a class of autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, bodys own immune system attacks digestive system (Cohen, 2011). Problems: Problems of IBD include diarrhea, risk of deficient fluid volume, anxiety, acute pain, imbalance nutrition and deficient knowledge. Nursing care IBD: Problem Intervention Rationale Diarrhea To find out beginning and pattern of diarrhea. Observation and recording of stool frequency, quantity and characteristic of diarrhea. Observation of related factors like fevers, chills, bloody stools, physical exertion, abdominal pain, emotional upset and cramping. Encourage bed rest and provision of bedside commode. Removal of stool quickly from the room and provision of deodorant in the room. Identification and restriction of foods which acts as precipitating factors for diarrhea. Provision of oral fluids immediately and on regular basis. Avoidance of cold fluids. Counseling for emotional stability to relieve stress. Evaluate etiology of diarrhea. Facilitate diffenrtial diagnosis of disease and assessment of severity of disease. Assessment of causative agents and etiology. Rest reduces intestinal motility. Rest decreases metabolic rate in complications like infection and hemorrhage. Urgency defecation can occur without word of warning and it can be uncontrollable. In case of commode at a distance, may lead to fall of the patient. It helps in removal of noxious odors and avoidance of patient of embarrassment. Avoidance of intestinal irritants reduces intestinal motility. Avoidance of intestinal irritants reduces intestinal motility. Consumption of liquids can prevent cramps and recurrent episodes of diarrhea. Consumption of cold fluids may increase intestinal motility. Diarrhea can lead to anxiety and stress in patient which can aggravate condition (LeMone et al., 2015; Gulanick and Myers, 2011). Acute Pain Patient should be encouraged to report pain. Patient should be assessed for abdominal cramp and pain. Detection of pain location, duration and intensity of pain. Study alterations in the pain patterns. Evaluation of non-verbal cues for pain like restlessness, reluctance to move, abdominal guarding, withdrawal, and depression. Implementation of necessary dietary modifications for example, step wise shifting of diet from liquids to the solids. Assess and record abdominal distension, pyrexia and low blood pressure. Assessment of ischiorectal and perianal fistulas. Encourage patient to take comfortable position. Assessment of factors responsible for the alleviation of pain. Many patients may tolerate pain instead of consuming analgesics. Colicky pain is a common feature of inflammatory bowel disease. Non-verbal cues in addition to the verbal cues can be useful in assessing the severity of pain. Bowel rest can result in reduction of pain and cramping. Indication of intestinal obstruction due to inflammation, edema and scarring. Erosion and fragile intestinal bowel wall can lead to development of fistulas. Reduces abdominal tension and gives feeling of control on pain. Nursing intervention can be directed in that direction (LeMone et al., 2015; Gulanick and Myers, 2011). Medications for IBD: Aminosalicylates like sulfasalazine can be administered to reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Exact mechanism of action of aminosalicylates has not been established however it can act as scavenger of oxygen-free radicals and inhibitor of leukotrienes. Aminosalicylates can act as both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medications (Bayless and Bayless, 2014). Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate and cyclosporine can also be administered in inflammatory bowel disease patients (Wiseman, 2016). Literature: IBD comprises of different phases of chronic inflammation and periods of remission spread with acute inflammation episodes. Genetic factors are also responsible for the development of IBD (Cohen, 2011).Diarrhea and acute pain are two important problems associated with IBD. Aminosalicylates can be administered through oral route and in enema or suppository from (Bayless and Bayless, 2014). Azathioprine and mercaptopurine act as purine analogue and inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Methotrexate binds to dihydrofolate reductase and prevent synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. Cyclosporiene act as inhibitor of activation of T cells and its immune response (Wiseman, 2016). Conclusion: Asthma and IBD are inflammatory and immune medicated disease. Provisions of nursing care for insufficient breathing and nutritional imbalance are important in asthma patients are important to improve overall quality of life in asthma patients. Provision of nursing care for diarrhea and acute pain are important in case of IBD patients to improve comfort level of patients. Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory medications should be administered in case of asthma patients. Aminosalicylates and immunosuppressive medications should be administered in patients with IBD. In summary, provision of specific nursing care to patients would be definitely helpful in improving condition of the patient. References: Bayless, T. M., and Bayless, T. M. (2014). Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis. PMPH-USA. Chow, L., Parulekar, A.D., and Hanania, N.A. (2015). Hospital management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 10(5), 328-39. Cohen, R. D. (2011). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Springer Science Business Media. Gulanick, M., and Myers, J. L. (2011). Nursing Care Plans: Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. Janssen, D.J., Engelberg, R.A., Wouters, E.F., Curtis, J.R. (2012). Advance care planning for patients with COPD: past, present and future. Patient Education and Counseling, 86(1), 19-24 LeMone, P., Burke, K., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T., Moxham, L., and Reid-Searl, K. (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mims, J.W. (2015). Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. International Forum of Allergy Rhinology, 5(l), S2-6. Olin, J.T., Wechsler, M.E. (2014). Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. British Medical Journal, 349, g5517. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5517. van Buul, A.R, Taube, C. (2015). Treatment of severe asthma: entering the era of targeted therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 15(12), 1713-25. Wiseman, A. C. (2016). Immunosuppressive Medications. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(2): 332343.

Australia Essays (1835 words) - Atmospheric Sciences, Earth, Water

Australia Australia The name of Australia comes from the Latin word Australis, which means southern. Since it lies entirely in the southern hemisphere, Australia is most commonly referred to as "down under". Australia, being a country, is also a continent. In land area it's the sixth largest for a country and the smallest continent. Australia is a very dry, thinly populated country. Very few coastal areas receive enough rainfall to support a large population. The largest group of Australian people live in two large cities, Sydney and Melbourne. The vast interior is mainly desert or grassland and there are very few settlements. As a whole, the country has a density of six people per square mile. The down under is famous for vast wide-open spaces, bright sunshine, bikini-clad beauties, enormous numbers of sheep and cattle, and unusual wildlife. Kangaroos, Koalas, platypuses, and wombats are a few of the erotic animals that live here. Australia was originally settled by Great Britain as a prison colony in the late 1700's, so now most Australian people are of British ancestry. The immigrants brought all the customs too, such as driving on the left side of the road and their favorite warm drink, tea. They also speak English as the official language with their own Australian terms. CLIMATE The northern third of the Australian continent lies in the tropics and is warm or hot year round. The rest of the country lies south of the tropics and has warm summers and mild cool winters. The rainfall is seasonal in Australia. In the wet season, heavy downpours and violent storms cause floods. But the droughts that plague the nation are far more serious than any flood. Just about every section of Australia has a drought in the dry season. These droughts cause severe water shortages and cause the need for dramatic conservation laws as well as droughts there is also brush fires. Rivers in Australia are one of its most vital resources. They supply the cities and towns with the much-needed water. They also supply the farms with irrigation water. Though the rivers are dry most of the year, dams and reservoirs keep water during the dry season. Australia can basically be split into 3 parts-the eastern highlands, central lowlands, and the western plateau. The highlands consist mainly of high plateaus and broken-in places by hills, low mountain ridges, and gorges. Grasses or forest cover most of the plateaus, but some have fertile lands for crops. The southern part is most likely the most heavily populated part in all Australia, from Brisbane to Melbourne. In the southern region lie the Australian Alps. The Murray River, Australia's only river that constantly flows from the Alps, is the longest river. Australia's second major region, the central lowlands, is generally a flat area with infrequent rainfall along the north and south coasts and near the eastern highlands. Farmers in the southern region grow wheat but most of the region is to hot or to dry for crops. However the course grass or shrubs that cover the land make it suitable for livestock. The two large towns in the region have fewer than 30,000 people. Australia's third major region, the western plateau, covers the western two thirds of Australia. A vast, dry, treeless plateau extends about 400 miles along the regions southern edge; while the central part is mostly desert. A lot of the desert area consists of swirling sands that often drift into giant dunes. In places the desert gives way to land covered by grass and shrubs. Grazing livestock can then use the land. The north and south has the regions heaviest rainfall. The regions two largest cities are Adelaide and Perth. The Outback The bush, as the Australians call it, refers to the countryside. The term outback refers specifically to the interior of the country, with is mainly open countryside including vast expanses of grazing land. About 13 percent of Australia's people live in these rural areas. Many people live extremely isolated lives on sheep and cattle ranches called stations. Some of the largest stations cover more than 1,000 square miles from the nearest town. The outback has few paved roads so travel by car is difficult or impossible. Floods sometimes close roads for weeks at a time. Most wealthy farm families own a light airplane, which they use to travel to town. Other families get to town only a few times a year making it difficult to maintain necessities. The largest settlements in rural Australia are widely spread towns that have developed to support mining towns. For example, Kalgoorie, a town in western Australia, is the center of Australia's major gold and nickel fields. The

Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essays

Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essays Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essay Witte And Stolypin Essay For Wilcock Essay For example White improved Russians production of raw material during the great spurt and stolidly reformed agriculture through things such as the strip system. Sergei White contributed massively o the industrial and economic expansion in Russia in the 1 8905 but only later on, after the economic trouble of 1901-1902 where 2400 firms closed, and during the great spurt(1892 did he make huge improvements. A major example Of how White improved Russians industrial standing was the completion of the trans-Siberian railway in 1 903 after its 10 year construction. It extended Russians railways from 30,km in 1890 to 60,km in 1 904, and therefore Since the railway stretched across most of Russia, it allowed for resources in areas such as Siberia to be made use of since prior to its instruction there was no way to reach them. This was reflected in the increasing production of coal, iron and oil, which all nearly tripled in-between 1900 and 1910. Communication between the central cities of Russia such as Baku, SST. Petersburg and Moscow increased along with their populations due to people making use of the railway and migrating to the cities. Baku for example grew from 12 thousand people in 1897 to 211 thousand people, and due to it being the centre of oil production, oil output rose from 3. 9 million tones to 9. 7 in 1910. White therefore, through the Trans Siberian railway yester drastically transformed Russians industry. Alongside this he had accomplishments in other areas such as the economy, for example in 1894 he managed to produce 30% of Russians revenue through establishment of the state liquor monopoly. And in 1 887 he put the ruble on the gold standard, which resulted Russians budget doubling and investment increasing. The military was another area which the growth of industry benefited as production of war materials grew significantly. Overall the culmination of all Whites achievements massively transformed Russians industry in a massively costive way, however agriculture in comparison to industry had no major reforms, which can be seen as one of his failures. Whites successor peter Stolidly had a shift in focus compared to Whites who singularly focused on industry. Since Russians heritage and main form of income and output throughout its history was agriculture, he believed it was the more important sector to focus on. Also due to his tsarist ideals he aimed to prevent another revolution so therefore aimed to improve the position of the peasantry. In terms Of agricultural transformations, the expansion Of the areas actually used for farming was a huge step forward. This was achieved through the incentives of cheap land in Siberia with the aid of government loans. These loans were also made more enticing due to the abolishment of the redemption payments on New Years Day 1907 which meant the agricultural workers werent tied down by other loans and payments. These reforms under Stolidly were considerably successful as in 1 906, agricultural production was 45. Million tones but by 1 91 3 it was 61. 7 million tones. The lives of those actually doing the work were also transformed due the peasants being freed from the commune under the law of 9 in November 906 and then financial aid was given in the form of the land bank after its creation on the 1 5th November 1906. Arguably one of Cytolysiss most effec tive reforms was the strip system. Allowing for the equal distribution of land along with a more effective farming method agricultural production rose massively and peasant owning their own land increased from 20% to 50% in between 1905 and 1915. The creation of the kulaks also improved agriculture since the new class of peasants were more hard working and motivated in comparison to their previous ways of being lazy and inefficient. Stolidly and his numerous reforms did undoubtedly transform Russians agriculture and improved upon its position in relation to agriculture before he took charge, however his reforms were cut short by the start of howl and Russians needs changed. However both Stolidly and White had drawback during their time as chief minister to the Tsar. White focused solely on industry without any notable thought to Russians agricultural position, which is reflected in the slow increase in cereal production in-between 1 890 and 1900 of 36 million tones to 56 million tones in comparison to the tripling of industrial production in the same timeshare. Living conditions in the urban areas decreased rapidly during Whites mass arbitration as the crowds that flooded into the towns and cities after the railways completion had nowhere to go since it all occurred to fast for the cities to expand and be able to accommodate the increasing populous. Also in relation to arbitration and industrial growth, everything he achieved, although it was a step forward for the previously backwards Russia, was far behind that of the western world. To support this it can be said that he did not transform industry and actually oaken it by urbanism to much since due to poor conditions, in some cases famine occurred which reduced Russians output as workers were not as effective.

Concept testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept testing - Assignment Example Owl by giving kids the ability to play with creative and educational toys which do not require technological knowledge. The buying unit for this product are parents and gift providers for children ages 4 and up. When compared to school kits and creativity sets, the recommended age range for our toy is ages 4-15. The primary market are adults, even though the children are essential in giving return customers, parents must feel comfortable purchasing our product for their kids The need for better confidence of a person can be addressed with Dr. Owl by promoting educational behavior. Even low forms of instruction can increase a person’s confidence. Dr. Owl helps instruct children to be organized with different compartments of the toy. This will allow a child to want to interact with organization more than with other toys. Dr. Owl will also encourage children to be more studious as all the features of the form are stationary-based, encouraging a child to sit down and write, draw, study and do things that will develop their creative and educational skills. This small push to sit and study with the toy will also provide children with more confidence about their school work. Specific toys such as blocks and construction tool playsets have proven to help children improve their study and organization skills in their home environment. Our toy is a stationary that is owl-shaped in order to represent wisdom. The toy uses aesthetically pleasing colors to attract children and parents (primary market). The attachments and body have a round shape which allow the toy to be safe. The body also acts as a protective covering for the attachments, allowing it to be safely handled by smaller children. All of the pieces of Dr. Owl come together like a Lego piece, they click on to the body. This click in place will occur with a stem and hole much like a Bratzâ„ ¢ doll foot. There is not a current identifiable form of toy like ours. There are

Film Analysis Paper-Sunrise(1927) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Film Analysis Paper-Sunrise(1927) - Essay Example Sunrise successfully utilized mise en scà ¨ne to contrast the fast paced city lifestyle vs. cozy country lifestyle, as well as the different characteristics of the actors, to show that true love is the only way to help the man get out of evil seduction. The settings were a mix of real locations and artificial sets. Either way, they provided a perfect background to the scenes. John Bailey, the movie’s cinematographer, explained that the marsh was a studio set, the train in the first scene was a model made to look large in the foreground, the extras were real people and the projected city was from a matte drawing (Ebert: para 12 & 13). The rest of the settings were real. In most cases, the final product was manipulated with camera tricks, creating an imagery of dreaminess. For example, there were scenes where superimposed, ghost-like images were added. One scene showed the man being surrounded by the image of the woman from the city, but she was not physically present. Another scene showed exciting activities in the city with dancers and musicians providing the promised fun, but these images seemed to merely float in a void. Bailey explains that such images were borne out of creative camera use. The camera men used the advance d trick of that time of masking and exposing, controlling the lens and counting the individual frames where they would apply the trick. The finished product was clean without any hint of roughness. It is impressive that all these were done several decades ago when digital technology was not yet in existence, so talent and creativity played major roles in the genius of film makers then. In the city setting, several long shots were taken to shoot the scenes. This was to capture all the action that goes on in one frame. This strategy saved the time and effort to show how busy everyone was in the city, so viewers can get a feel of the

Developing the Corporate Strategy for Information Security Research Paper

Developing the Corporate Strategy for Information Security - Research Paper Example Example: Implementation of this function in the organization can be done through the utilization of risk assessment tools in order to depict potential risks to information security. Management of the Risk Another vital function of CISO is managing the risks, which are interrelated with the functions of continuous assessment. Based on the results of the assessment, the officer is liable to develop strategies and plans in order to mitigate these threats (Whitman & Mattord, 2010; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: In an organization, this function can be accommodated by determining risk management strategies, having continuous monitoring of the organizational processes. Implementation of Designed Program Another vital function of CISO calls for proper implementation of the designed programs to ensure that the organizational strategies are applied in an ethical and hazard-free manner. This function of the officer is quite vital, as efficiency of the other functions tend to be highly depe nded on its proper execution (Whitman & Mattord, 2010; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: For the effective execution of this function, the CISO would need to utilize management techniques so that successful implementation of the organizational strategies can be assured. b. ... the competency to manage a control plan restricting inappropriate access to information that may hamper organizational interests either directly or indirectly (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). Physical Security In accordance to this competency, CISO will need to be familiar with the standards, policies and laws associated with physical security. In this regard, it would also be vital for the CISO to determine the importance of such physical assets for any organization. Owing to this understanding, CISO will be able to gain the competency to manage and develop a coherent plan to ensure the overall information security within the organization (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). Risk Management Mitigation as well as proper treatment of the threats being identified, is among the core competencies of CISO. In this regard, CISO should also need to be aware about the various resources that would be required towards determining proper risk management plan for the potentia l threats. It would be worth mentioning in this regard that successful mitigation of risk is directly dependent on this competency of CISO (EC-Council, 2013; Homeland Security, 2007). 2. The Chief Information Officer (CIO)’s functions within an organization a. Four (4) functions of CIO Manage A major function of a CIO is to determine the risks associated with information security of an organization. This can be done on the basis of facilitated understanding of policies and regulatory norms, related to managing the information. These functions will also include managing the strategic plans as well as programs associated with the information technology practiced within an organization (United States Dept. of Homeland Security, 2011; Homeland Security, 2007). Example: This function of a CIO

The Acoustic Phonetics English Language Essay

The Acoustic Phonetics English Language Essay The chapter Vowels, acoustics events with a relatively open vocal tract deals with the examination of the various acoustic properties that can result when the vocal tract is in relatively open configuration. The chapter discusses primarily the sounds produced when the narrowest point in the vocal tract is not sufficiently constricted for modes of vibration for which the average airflow is not large enough to cause a significant pressure drop at the constriction. This configuration is normally associated with vowel sounds. The author explains formant bandwidths for vowels by describing the vocal tract as a pole or a tube and when this has no branches or cross modes and the source of sound is a volume velocity source at the glottis, the transfer function to the volume velocity at the mouth opening is an all pole function. When the shape of the vocal tract is changed due to the position of the body of the tongue or any other structure the frequency at the glottis also changes. at occasi ons there are acoustic losses in the vocal tract and these are due to various reasons such as vocal tract walls, viscosity, heat conduction and radiation. The author has used a graph to explain the acoustic loss caused by these factors, and it also measures the frequency. The data in the graph was obtained from sweep-tone measurements, in which estimates of the transfer function were made by applying a transducer to the neck surface and measuring the sound pressure radiated from the mouth using a sinusoidal source. The glottis were closed when the measurements were made. From the graph it is under stood that there is a difference in frequency between male and female and radiation casuses the most of acoustic loss. The two figures also show the average values of the bandwidths of the first three formants for several vowel configurations were 54 , 65, 70 Hz respectively, with the first formant band varying from 39 to73 Hz for different vowels. In the high frequency range above about 2 000 Hz , a major contributor to the bandwidth is acoustic loss is radiation but there is also considerable variability in the format bandwidths at these frequencies depending primarily on the size of the mouth opening and the cavity affiliation of first format frequency. High vowels: A number of acoustic, physiological and auditory factors combine to define a category of vowels that are produced with a high tongue body position and a low first formant frequency. The impedance of vacal tract walls contributes to stability of first format, the tongue surface in the lateral direction can be shaped to produce a stable acoustic output (atleast tongued body positions) that is insensitive to the degree of contraction for the muscles controlling tongue height and the auditory responses to sound with a low with a low f1 appears to have distinctive properties. Front back distinction We find a common acoustic consequence of front back displacements of the tongue body independent of tongue height. Forward movement of the tongue body causes an increase of the second formant-frequency to maximum value consistent to the types of constrictions that are possible for the different tongue heights. This maximum value is higher for the high vowels than for the low vowels. For the highest tongue body position, and, to some extent for the intermediate position, the third and fourth formants combine with the second to produce a center of gravity of the higher frequency spectral prominence that is higher than F2. front vowels then are always characterized by a broad minimum or empty space in the spectrum in the mid frequency between F1 and F2. For a back tongued body, on the other hand ,F2 is displaced to value that is maximally low and close to F1 for a proper selection of the tongue body position. In the case of the non low vowels, a value of F2 that is lowest and closest to F1 and can be reached by rounding the lips. An acoustic consequence of an F2 value that is low is low and close to F1 is that the amplitudes of higher frequency peaks in the spectrum are low relative to the amplitudes of F1 and F2 peaks and probably do not play a significant role in determining vowel quality. Electeomyographic data show a sharp distinction in the muscle activity involved in producing front and back vowels. Data reported by Baer et al. show that all back vowels exhibit activity of the stylogloccus muscle, which is oriented to displace the tongue body backward and upward. This muscle is specially active for non low back vowels. Front vowels on the other hand, show no activity of the stylogloccus muscle. A neutral vowel is defined as a vowel produced by a vocal tract configuration that has uniform cross-sectional area along its entire length. Whilst no vowel articulation can actually meet this requirement accurately, the vowel in heard and some productions of schwa can approximate this configuration. For such vowels, and only for such vowels, the vocal tract can be treated mathematically as a single uniform tube closed at one end (the glottis) and open at the other (the lips) for the purposes of calculating the resonances of the vocal tract. The acoustics of vowels are fairly well understood. The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram. The vocal tract acts as a resonant cavity, and the position of the jaw, lips, and tongue affect the parameters of the resonant cavity, resulting in different formant values. The acoustics of vowels c an be visualized using spectrograms, which display the acoustic energy at each frequency, and how this changes with time. The first formant, abbreviated F1, corresponds to vowel openness (vowel height). Open vowels have high F1 frequencies while close vowels have low F1 frequencies, as can be seen at right: The [i] and [u] have similar low first formants, whereas [É‘] has a higher formant. The second formant, F2, corresponds to vowel frontness. Back vowels have low F2 frequencies while front vowels have high F2 frequencies. This is very clear at right, where the front vowel [i] has a much higher F2 frequency than the other two vowels. However, in open vowels the high F1 frequency forces a rise in the F2 frequency as well, so an alternative measure of frontness is the difference between the first and second formants. For this reason, some people prefer to plot as F1 vs. F2 F1. (This dimension is usually called backness rather than frontness, but the term backness can be counterintuitive when discussing formants.) In the third edition of his textbook, Peter Ladefoged recommended use of plots of F1 against F2 F1 to represent vowel quality. [4] However, in the fourth edition, he changed to adopt a simple plot of F1 against F2, [5] and this simple plot of F1 against F2 was maintained for the fifth (and final) edition of the book. [6] Katrina Hayward compares the two types of plots and concludes that plotting of F1 against F2 F1 is not very satisfactory because of its effect on the placing of the central vowels, [7] so she also recommends use of a simple plot of F1 against F2. In fact, this kind of plot of F1 against F2 has been used by analysts to show the quality of the vowels in a wide range of languages, including RP British English, [8] [9] the Queens English, [10] American English, [11] Singapore English, [12] Brunei English, [13] North Frisian, [14] Turkish Kabardian, [15] and various indigenous Australian languages. [16]Rounding is generally realized by a complex relationship between F2 and F3 that tends to reinforce vowel backness. One effect of this is that back vowels are most commonly rounded while front vowels are most commonly unrounded; another is that rounded vowels tend to plot to the right of unrounded vowels in vowel charts. That is, there is a reason for plotting vowel pairs the way they are. The usual description of vowels in respect to their phonetic quality requires the linguist to locate them within a so-called vowel space, apparently articulatory in nature, and having three dimensions labeled high-low (or close-open), front-back, and unrounded-rounded. The first two are coordinates of tongue with associated jaw position, while the third specifies the posture of the lips. It is recognized that vowels can vary qualitatively in ways that this three-dimensional space does not account for. So, for example, vowels may differ in degree of nasalization, and they may be rhotacized or r-colored. Moreover, it is recognized that while this vowel space serves important functions within the community of linguists, both the two measures of tongue position and the one for the lips inadequately identify those aspects of vocal tract shapes that are primarily responsible for the distinctive phonetic qualities of vowels (Ladefoged 1971). With all this said, it remains true enough that a lmost any vowel pair of different qualities can be described as occupying different positions with the space. Someone hearing two vowels in sequence and detecting a quality difference will presumably also be able to diagnose the nature of the articulatory shift executed in going from one vowel to the other. Esophageal talkers may have reduced intelligibility due to both time domain and frequency domain variability. The unpredictable nature of esophageal speech can cause problems when automatic procedures are used in applications such as long-distance telephone messages. The current study compared a standard coding algorithm (LPC-10e) with a novel approach to determining voiced periods (vocal tract area functions) in the speech of esophageal talkers. The results of the study showed that the sentences synthesized with the vocal tract area function algorithm were more intelligible than those synthesized with the standard LPC-10e algorithm. Supplemental information, such as vocal tract area functions, may be useful in determining voiced epochs when variability in vocal parameters is high. In the last 40 years, many vocal pedagogy authors have written about the need for appropriate vowel modification. Modification involves shading vowels with respect to the location of vowel formants, so that the sung pitch or one of its harmonics receives an acoustical boost by being near a formant. The goals of such modification include a unified quality throughout the entire range, smoother transitions between registers, enhanced dynamic range and control and improved intelligibility. Elite singers, whether they consciously recognize they are modifying vowels or not, become experts at making subtle changes in vowels as they sing, or they do not have consistent careers. Modification concepts which have been widely accepted are summarized below: Although there is a strong correlation between voice classification and formant frequencies, due to subtle articulation and anatomical differences, formant frequencies are unique to each individual. The amount of modification needed varies with the size of the voice, the weight of the voice, the duration of the note being considered, the dynamic level, and how the note in question is approached. Sensitive singers report that the amount of modification they need may vary daily and also during the day, depending on how much they have warmed up. Vowel formants are frequency bands, not one specific pitch. Precise tuning of each note in a piece is not very practical nor is it acoustically beneficial. During a rapid passage, a singer may not have enough time to adjust for optimal resonance on each vowel on each note; moving on to the next note in the passage smoothly is a greater priority than exact tuning of each tone. Males and females tune differently. In general, males seek to match harmonics above the fundamental to a formant, while females, especially in the upper voice, tend to reinforce the fundamental itself by matching it to the first or lowest formant. Several general rules for modifying vowels exist (as summarized by Titze): (a) formant frequencies lower uniformly by lengthening the vocal tract (either by lowering the larynx or protruding the lips or some combination of both); (b) formant frequencies are lowered uniformly by lip rounding and raised by lip spreading; (c) fronting and arching the tongue lowers the first formant and raises the second formant, while backing and lowering the tongue raises the first formant and lowers the second formant; (d) opening the jaw raises the first formant and lowers the second formant. Vocal fold vibration for voicing is achieved by the combined efforts of muscular tension, tissue elasticity and aerodynamic forces. The vocal folds are initially drawn together by the activities of the various laryngeal adductor muscles. As the folds come together the velocity of air passing through the glottis increases which results in a pressure drop between the medial edges of the folds (Bernoulli effect) causing them to be sucked together. Pressure then builds up below the closed glottis until the folds are forced apart and the cycle repeats (Van den Berg, 1958; 1968). One necessary condition of voicing is that subglottal pressure exceeds supraglottal pressure (the transglottal pressure difference) (Ohala, 1983; Sawashima and Hirose, 1983). The activity of the larynx during phonation causes the airstream flowing out of the lungs to be broken up into a rapid series of puffs due to the opening and closing of the vocal folds . Each burst of compressed air escapes through the glottis at high speed and collides with the column of air inside the vocal tract. This causes an acoustic shock wave which is propagated to the outside. The spectrum of the periodic glottal waveform is a line spectrum comprising harmonics which occur at multiples of the fundamental frequency. According to theoretical calculations (Fant, 1960; Rosenberg 1971), the glottal tone for normal phonation has a spectrum that falls off at about 12dB per octave. Other phonation types, as described by Laver (1980), display different glottal tone characteristics. Vowel sounds are most frequently described with reference to their formant characteristics which provide an indication of the resonance positions and hence the articulatory shape for the vowel production. Early speech perception studies (Delattre, Liberman, Cooper and Gerstman, 1952; Miller, 1953) showed that the frequencies of first three formants were the most important cues to vowel identification. These findings have been supported by several subsequent analyses (Fox, 1985, Kewley-Port and Atal, 1989; Klein, Plomp and Pols, 1970; Rackerd and Verbrugge, 1985; Shepard, 1972; Terbeek, 1977). The first formant has been shown to be associated with the auditory quality of height and the second formant with the auditory impression of the front/back dimension, or, more correctly, degree of constriction and point of maximal constriction . Ladefoged, De Clerk, Lindau and Papà §un (1972) remind us that degree of lip opening, or protrusion, pharyngeal width and larynx height also contribute to modifications of acoustic output. Lindblom and Sundberg (1971) found that all formants were lowered by lip rounding but that for palatal configurations, F3 was particularly affected. Hà ¶gberg (1995) also found that lip area was an important factor in the determination of F3 for the front vowels. When the first two formants are plotted on axes with certain directional and scaling characteristics, the vowel relationships closely resembles the traditional auditory vowel map . Such vowel spaces, with axes F1 and F2, rely on the concept of the vowel target which is the part of the vowel least influenced by its surrounding phonetic context. The vowel target is where the articulators, and therefore the formants, are moving the least and is referred to as the steady-state component of the vowel. The target is considered to be either a point in the time course of the vowel or else a section of time during which the vowel position remains stable. A single point is often used to provide an estimate of the target position, and for most vowels this can be assumed to be approximately mid way though the nucleus . Several authors have noted the problems inherent in the target theory for vowels citing the difficulties often encountered in establishing steady state components by eye or by automatic extraction procedures (Benguerel and McFadden, 1989; Nearey and Assmann, 1986). Van Son and Pols (1990), however, examined five different methods of identifying vowel targets and found that the use of the different methods made little difference to the results of their experiments. The conventional method of depicting the F1/F2 does not adequately represent the multi-dimensional nature of vowel quality. Delattre et al. (1952) showed that the third formant influenced listeners judgements of vowel quality and more recent experiments have determined that the higher formants have a combined influence on vowel perception. The combined upper formant is referred to as F2 prime (F2) (Bladon, 1983; Bladon and Fant, 1978; Carlson, Fant and Ganstrom, 1975; Paliwal, Lindsay and Ainsworth, 1983). Delattre et al. (1952) suggested that the ear averages formants that are close together. Carlson, Ganstrom and Fant (1970) tested this hypothesis for Swedish vowels concluding that all vowels could be effectively synthesised using two formant approximations. Chistovich and colleagues found that formant averaging or integration occurred only if two formants were situated within a critical distance of 3 to 3.5 bark (Chistovich and Lublinskaya, 1979 and Chistovich, Sheikin and Lublins kaya, 1979). More recent studies have examined global spectral features suggesting that the F3 F2 difference is a more accurate way of identifying vowel frontedness. Syrdal and Gopal (1986) have shown that the separation between back and front vowels is more closely linked to the F3 F2 difference than the F2 F1 difference. It is important to recognise, however, that F3 and F4 vary more than F1 and F2 as a result of speaker characteristics whereas they are relatively stable across vowel categories in contrast to F1 and F2 which vary greatly as a result of vowel quality. The higher formants are therefore less effective carriers of phonetic information than the lower formants (Harrington and Cassidy, 1999). Vowels can be described in terms of the centre frequencies of the first three formants at the vowel target (or targets for diphthongs). Vowel duration and other dynamic spectral information contribute to a more complete description but the extent of this contribution remains unclear. Contextual environment as well as suprasegmental factors plays an important role in the ultimate realisation of the vowel phoneme and so such characteristics must be carefully controlled in phonetic research. Physiological differences between speakers also affect vowel characteristics and such effects must be accounted for in phonetic research and minimised if necessary. One method of minimising physiological effects is to use one of the many normalisation procedures available to reduce variance but care must always be taken when manipulating data to ensure that phonetic accuracy is preserved. The question of sex specific articulations remains open as researchers have been unable to adequately model male to female vowel behaviour. Acoustic data provides an accessible means for hypothesising about articulatory behaviour and it is customary, in phonetic discussions of vowel characteristics, to use articulatory labels to refer to auditory and acoustic properties (Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1990). Articulatory discussions provide convenient global labels for describing acoustic effects, however, specific articulatory detail should not be ascribed to acoustic vowel data.

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction Aim: To find out if the temperature increases the rate of reaction of two chemicals. Prediction: My prediction is that the higher the temperature is the faster the rate of the reaction will be. Equipment: Hot water, thermometer, flask, cold water, stopwatch, tissue paper, paper with ‘X’ marked on it, safety glasses, measuring cylinder, large beaker, sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid. Method: The experiment has to be done five times for the five different temperatures of the sodium thiosulphate. The temperatures are: 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C To start the experiments fill the flask with 50cm ³ of sodium thiosulphate into the large beaker. Fill the large beaker up with the water of right temperature that is required for the experiment. Put the thermometer into the flask with sodium thiosulphate and check the temperature is right for the experiment. If the water is too cold, in the large beaker pour in some more hot water or if it is too hot pour in some cold water to reach the required temperature for the sodium thiosulphate. Once the sodium thiosulphate is the right temperature, take it out of the water, wipe the bottom of the flask with tissue paper and place it onto the piece of paper with ‘X’ marked on it. Now measure 5cm ³ of hydrochloric acid in the measuring cylinder. Then pour the hydrochloric acid into the sodium thiosulphate, at this moment start timing with the stopwatch and keep timing until you cannot see the ‘X’ mark through the liquid. Make sure you wear safety glasses and handle the acid carefully. Fair Test: To make this investigation fair you have to make sure you use the same concentration of hydrochloric acid for all experiments. You also have to make sure you use the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate for all the experiments. Also make sure you time the experiments accurately. Observation: My observation was that when the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate was higher the solution turned cloudy quicker. Results: -------------------------------------------- Temperature ( °C) Time for cross to disappear (minutes) 20 2.49 30 1.